Direct Memory Access (DMA) Controller Explained | DMA in Computer Organization

Direct Memory Access (DMA) Controller Explained | DMA in Computer Organization DMA is an acronym with several meanings, most commonly Direct Memory Access in computing, which allows hardware to access main memory without CPU involvement, and Digital Markets Act, a European regulation for digital platforms. It can also refer to Dynamic Mechanical Analysis, a technique for material property testing, and Direct Market Access in trading, which is a facility for clients to execute trades directly through a broker's infrastructure. The correct meaning depends on the context. In computing Direct Memory Access (DMA): A feature that lets input/output (I/O) devices transfer data directly to or from main memory, freeing up the CPU for other tasks and improving performance. Digital Markets Act (DMA): A regulation from the European Union designed to make digital markets fairer and more contestable by setting rules for large online platforms (gatekeepers). In materials science Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA): A technique used to study the viscoelastic properties of materials by applying a small, oscillating stress or strain and measuring the resulting strain or stress. In finance Direct Market Access (DMA): A service that gives clients the ability to execute trades directly through a brokerage's trading infrastructure, rather than through a manual order entry. Displaced Moving Average (DMA): A technical indicator in stock market analysis that moves a standard moving average back a certain number of bars on a price chart. Other meanings Directorate of Municipal Administration (DMA): A government department, such as the one in Karnataka, India, that handles municipal administration initiatives. Department of Military Affairs (DMA): A government body within the Ministry of Defence in India.

Electronics | Logic Gates Full Chapter Easy Trick

Electronics | Logic Gates Full Chapter Easy Trick

NCERT MATH CLASS 10 | NCERT MATH CLASS 10 EX 5.3 SOLUTIONS

NCERT MATH CLASS 10 | NCERT MATH CLASS 10 EX 5.3 SOLUTIONS Quick formula recap (must-know) nth term of an AP: 𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑎 + ( 𝑛 − 1 ) 𝑑 a n ​ =a+(n−1)d where 𝑎 a = first term, 𝑑 d = common difference. Sum of first n terms: 𝑆 𝑛 = 𝑛 2 ( 2 𝑎 + ( 𝑛 − 1 ) 𝑑 ) S n ​ = 2 n ​ (2a+(n−1)d) or 𝑆 𝑛 = 𝑛 2 ( 𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑛 ) S n ​ = 2 n ​ (a+a n ​ ). Typical Question 1 — Find the n-th term Problem: Find the 20th term of the AP 3, 7, 11, ... Solution: First term 𝑎 = 3 a=3. Common difference 𝑑 = 7 − 3 = 4 d=7−3=4. Use 𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑎 + ( 𝑛 − 1 ) 𝑑 a n ​ =a+(n−1)d. For 𝑛 = 20 n=20: 𝑎 20 = 3 + ( 20 − 1 ) ⋅ 4 = 3 + 19 ⋅ 4 a 20 ​ =3+(20−1)⋅4=3+19⋅4 Compute 19 × 4 = 76 19×4=76. So 𝑎 20 = 3 + 76 = 79. a 20 ​ =3+76=79. Answer: 79. 79. Typical Question 2 — Given two terms, find a and d Problem: In an AP, 𝑎 5 = 12 a 5 ​ =12 and 𝑎 10 = 27 a 10 ​ =27. Find 𝑎 a and 𝑑 d. Solution: We know 𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑎 + ( 𝑛 − 1 ) 𝑑 a n ​ =a+(n−1)d. From 𝑎 5 = 𝑎 + 4 𝑑 = 12 a 5 ​ =a+4d=12. … (1) From 𝑎 10 = 𝑎 + 9 𝑑 = 27 a 10 ​ =a+9d=27. … (2) Subtract (1) from (2): ( 𝑎 + 9 𝑑 ) − ( 𝑎 + 4 𝑑 ) = 27 − 12 (a+9d)−(a+4d)=27−12 So 5 𝑑 = 15 5d=15 → 𝑑 = 3. d=3. Now substitute back: 𝑎 + 4 ⋅ 3 = 12 a+4⋅3=12 → 𝑎 + 12 = 12 a+12=12 → 𝑎 = 0. a=0. Answer: 𝑎 = 0 , 𝑑 = 3. a=0, d=3. Typical Question 3 — Find number of terms Problem: Find n if 𝑎 𝑛 = 98 a n ​ =98 for the AP 2, 5, 8, ... Solution: Here 𝑎 = 2 , 𝑑 = 5 − 2 = 3. a=2, d=5−2=3. Use 𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑎 + ( 𝑛 − 1 ) 𝑑 a n ​ =a+(n−1)d. Put 𝑎 𝑛 = 98 a n ​ =98: 98 = 2 + ( 𝑛 − 1 ) ⋅ 3 98=2+(n−1)⋅3 Subtract 2: 96 = 3 ( 𝑛 − 1 ) 96=3(n−1). Divide by 3: 32 = 𝑛 − 1 32=n−1. So 𝑛 = 33. n=33. Answer: 𝑛 = 33. n=33. Typical Question 4 — Sum of n terms Problem: Find sum of first 15 terms of the AP 4, 9, 14, ... Solution: Here 𝑎 = 4 , 𝑑 = 5. a=4, d=5. Use 𝑆 𝑛 = 𝑛 2 ( 2 𝑎 + ( 𝑛 − 1 ) 𝑑 ) S n ​ = 2 n ​ (2a+(n−1)d) with 𝑛 = 15 n=15: 𝑆 15 = 15 2 ( 2 ⋅ 4 + ( 15 − 1 ) ⋅ 5 ) = 15 2 ( 8 + 14 ⋅ 5 ) S 15 ​ = 2 15 ​ (2⋅4+(15−1)⋅5)= 2 15 ​ (8+14⋅5) Compute 14 ⋅ 5 = 70 14⋅5=70. So inside bracket 8 + 70 = 78. 8+70=78. Then 𝑆 15 = 15 2 ⋅ 78. S 15 ​ = 2 15 ​ ⋅78. First compute 15 × 78 15×78. Calculate: 78 × 15 = 78 × ( 10 + 5 ) = 780 + 390 = 1170. 78×15=78×(10+5)=780+390=1170. So 𝑆 15 = 1170 2 = 585. S 15 ​ = 2 1170 ​ =585. Answer: 585. 585. Typical Question 5 — Mixed type (find d from sums) Problem: Sum of first 7 terms of an AP is 49 and sum of first 14 terms is 196. Find 𝑎 a and 𝑑 d. Solution idea: Use formula for 𝑆 𝑛 S n ​ and set up two equations. (You can show full algebraic steps in your answer sheet.)